TECH PRIOR

Scientists reckon there have been at least five mass extinction events in the history of our planet, when a catastrophically high number of species were wiped out in a relatively short period of time. We are possibly now living through a sixth — caused by human activity. But could humans themselves be next? This is the sort of question that preoccupies the staff at the Future of Humanity Institute in Oxford.

The centre is an offshoot of the Oxford Martin School, founded in 2005 by the late James Martin, a technology author and entrepreneur who was among the university’s biggest donors. As history has hit the fast-forward button, it seems to have become the fashion among philanthropists to endow research institutes that focus on the existential challenges of our age, and this is one of the most remarkable.

Tucked away behind Oxford’s modern art museum, the institute is in a bland modern office block; the kind of place you might expect to find a provincial law firm. The dozen or so mathematicians, philosophers, computer scientists and engineers who congregate here spend their days thinking about how to avert catastrophes: meteor strikes, nuclear winter, environmental destruction, extraterrestrial threats. On the afternoon I visit there is a fascinating and (to me) largely unfathomable seminar on the mathematical probability of alien life.

Presiding over this extraordinary institute since its foundation has been Professor Nick Bostrom, who, in his tortoise-shell glasses and grey, herringbone jacket, appears a rather ordinary academic, even if his purple socks betray a streak of flamboyance. His office resembles an Ikea showroom, brilliantly lit by an array of floor lamps, somewhat redundant on a glorious sunny day. He talks in a kind of verbal origami, folding down the edges of his arguments with precision before revealing his final, startling conclusions. The slightest monotonal accent betrays his Swedish origins.

Bostrom makes it clear that he and his staff are not interested in everyday disasters; they deal only with the big stuff: “There are a lot of things that can go and have gone wrong throughout history — earthquakes and wars and plagues and whatnot. But there is one kind of thing that has not ever gone wrong; we have never, so far, permanently destroyed the entire future.” Anticipating the obvious next question, Bostrom argues that it is fully justified to devote resources to studying such threats because, even if they are remote, the downside is so terrible.

Staving off future catastrophes (assuming that is possible) would bring far more benefit to far greater numbers of people than solving present-day problems such as cancer or extreme poverty. The number of lives saved in the future would be many times greater, particularly if “Earth civilisation”, as he calls it, spreads to other stars and galaxies. “We have a particular interest in future technologies that might potentially transform the human condition in some fundamental way,” he says.

There's a new trend literally spinning its way around the world, from classrooms to social media. But is it
actually doing what it's marketed to do?

WTOP reports that some fidget spinners – small top-like gadgets you can spin fast with your fingers, meant to
help children focus – are advertised as stress relievers on Amazon, and are even being touted as "perfect for
ADD, ADHD, anxiety and autism."

"Fidgets are great tools for kids who need them, as long as there are ground rules set up with the child and
educator in advance, and as long as the child can follow the rules," Maryland-based occupational therapist
Katherine Ross-Keller told WTOP.

But how could they help those with ADHD? Crista Hopp, an ADHD coach based in Virginia, told WTOP that
"when hands or any other body part is moving, an individual is able to focus more on what they need to."
That's not to say everyone agrees the toys are beneficial in a therapeutic sense.

"The spinner toys, in my opinion, and that of teachers I've spoken to, are just that – toys," according to another
Maryland-based occupational therapist Stephen Poss.

Fidget spinners, a type of "fidget object," could actually be counterproductive.
"Fidget objects are meant to be felt, so that visual attention can be focused on the teacher," he continued to
WTOP.

"Spinner toys are visually distracting, and I think that's their major drawback."
It's not just kids getting in on the fidget-spinner craze either.

"It is extremely satisfying to hold this spinning, whirring toy between your fingers," according to a blog
post from North Carolina-based science educator Beth Harris. "Part of this is the small resistance you feel when
turning the spinner from side to side. What you feel is actually the angular inertia of the spinning toy."

Nearly 11 percent of children ages 4 to 17 have received an ADHD diagnosis, according to the latest data
available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.